The recently defined discipline of Arch-aeo-astronomy has drawn attention in our time to how ancient people viewed the universe. Sky watching was so important to them that they left so many myths about the planets, the constellations, and the universe. For example, the ancient people of the New World built structures from Chile to Alaska as models of the universe in miniature. Their common beliefs was the three levels of the universe; the earth in the middle plus an upper and under world.
In the Scriptures in the Old Testament, the only planets expressly mentioned are Venus and Saturn.
Venus is the second planet from the Sun, orbiting it every 224.7 earthly days. It is named after the Roman goddess of fleshly Love and Beauty. After the moon it is the brightest natural object we can see in the night sky. Its ability to reflect light is due to its close proximity to the sun and the highly reflective clouds of sulfuric acid that shroud it. Many times it can easily be seen just before sunrise, hence its reference as the "morning star," The planet is considered a terrestrial planet and sometimes called Earth's sister planet, because of their similar size, mass, proximity to the Sun and bulk composition. it is radically different from Earth in other respects. It has the densest atmosphere, consisting of more than 96%carbon dioxide. The atmospheric pressure is 92 times that of the Earth. The mean surface temperature is 462*C/863F. The planet is by far the hottest planet in the Solar System.
Saturn in the sixth planet from the Sun and the second-largest in the Solar System, after Jupiter. It is a gas giant with an average radius 9 times that of the Earth. Although only 1/8 the average density of Earth, with its large volume the planet is just over 95 times more massive. Saturn is named after the Roman god of agriculture. Saturn's interior is composed of a core of iron-nickel and rock. This core is surrounded by a deep layer of metallic hydrogen, and intermediate layer of liquid hydrogen and liquid helium, and finally outside a gaseous outer layer. As the planet goes around the Sun, it periodically turn its rings edge-on to the Earth once every 14 to 15 years. Saturn has a pale yellow hue due to ammonia crystals in its upper atmosphere. Electrical current within the metallic hydrogen layer give rise to Saturn's planetary magnetic field, that is weaker than Earth's, but has a torque 580 times that of the Earth due to Saturn's larger size. Wind speeds on Saturn can reach 1,800km/h (500m/s). The prominent ring system consists on 9 continuous main rings and 3 discontinuous arcs and that is composed mostly of ice particles with a smaller amount of rocky debris and dust. 62 moons are known to orbit Saturn. This does not include the hundreds of moonlets comprising the rings. Titan, the largest moon, and the 2nd largest in the Solar System, is larger than the planet Mercury, and the only moon in the Solar System to have a substantial atmosphere.
The names of Venus in the ancient times were: Venus, Aphrodite, Helil, Resheph, Ishtar, Inana.
The names of Saturn in the ancient times were: Saturn, Cronus, Kiyyun, Ashtaroth, Ea(Bel), Nanna.
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