The 1st council of Nicaea was the first and most significantly in the profession and uniform of faith widely used in Christian liturgy.
The doctrinal statement of correct belief was adopted as a creed in the first council in the face of the Ar-Ian controversy, whose leader, Ar'Ius, a member of the clergy of Alexandria, objected Alexander, the bishop of the time, apparent carelessness in blurring the distinction of nature between the Father and the Son by his emphasis on 'eternal generation.' Alexander accused Ar'Ius of denying the divinity of the Son and also of being too 'Jewish' and 'Greek' in his thought. Both of them rejected Gnosticism, Manichaeisn, and Sabellain formulae.
The adherents to Gnosticism (having knowledge) shunned the material world and embraced the spiritual world, meaning that by the spiritual wisdom and practicing philanthropy to the point of personal poverty, sexual abstinence, and helping others, the adherent could reach oneness with God.
The Manichaeism, founded by the Iranian prophet Mani, and based on local Mesopotamian gnostic and religious movements, taught an elaborate dualistic cosmology describing the struggle between a good, spiritual world of light, and an evil, material world of darkness.
The Sabellianism in the Eastern church or Patripassianism in the Western church, also known as modalism, modalistic monarchianism, or modal monarchism, is the non-trinitarian belief that the Heavenly Father, Resurrected Son, and the Holy Spirit are three different aspects of one monadic God. The term Sabeallianism comes from Sabellius, a theologian and priest from the 3rd CE, who taught in Rome, but may have been from Libya. His opposition to the emerging idea of the Trinity led to his excommunication as a heretic by Pope Calixtus I in 220CE.
Sebellius taught that God was single and indivisible, with Father, Son, and Holy Spirit being three modes or manifestations of one divine Person. A Sabellian modalist said that the One God successively revealed Himself to man through time as the Father in creation; the Son in Redemption; and the Spirit in Sanctification and Regeneration.
The Nicene Creed of 325 CE explicitly affirms the co-essential divinity and nature of the Son, applying to him the term 'co-substantial.' The 381 CE modified creed version speaks of the Holy Spirit as worshiped and glorified with the Father and the Son.
The Athan-Asian creed, also known as Pseudo-Athanasian creed, not used in Eastern Christianity, but its belief is focused on a Trinitarian doctrine and Christology, and describes, according to human nature, in much greater detail the relationship between Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.
It was widely accepted among Western Christians, including Roman Catholic Church, and some Anglican churches, and Lutheran churches.
A medieval account credited Athanasius of Alexandria, the famous defender of Nicene theology, as the author of the creed. He composed it during his exile in Rome and presented to Pope Julius I as a witness to his orthodoxy.
The Apostles' creed was an earlier statement of Christian belief widely used by a number of Christian denominations for both liturgical and teaching purposes, most visible by earlier liturgical churches of Western tradition, including the Roman Catholic Church, Lutheranism, Anglicanism, and later used by Presbyterians, Methodists, and Congregationalists. It was based on the understanding of the Canonical gospels, the Letters of the New Testament, and to a much lesser extent the understanding of the Old Testament.
The 1st mention of the expression "Apostles' Creed' occurred in a letter of 390 CE wrote from a synod, named Ambrose, in Milan, to Pope Siricius, associated with the belief of the time, and widely accepted in the 4th CE, that, under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit, each of the 12 Apostles contributed in a way to an article of a creed. But what existed at that time was not what is now known as the Apostles' Creed but a shorter statement of belief that , for instance, did not include the phrase 'Maker of Heaven and earth,' a phrase inserted in the 7th CE.
The earliest of the text evolved from a simpler text based on Matthew 28:19: And Jesus came and said to them, "All authority in heaven and on earth has been given to me. Go therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the Name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit, teaching them to observe all that I have commanded you; and lo, I am with you always, to the close of the age."
The nature of these Words from the Son of God are explained in great detail in the Old Testament in the Book of Daniel, chapter 7: After this ...
I saw in the Night Visions, a 4th beast, terrible and dreadful and exceedingly strong; it had great iron teeth; it devoured and broke in pieces, and stamped the residue with its feet. The beast was different from all the beasts that were before it; it had 10 horns, and from there came up among them another horn, a little one, before which 3 of the first horns were plucked up by the roots. In this horn were eyes like the eyes of a man, and a mouth speaking great things.
As I looked, thrones were placed and one that was Ancient of Days took his seat; his raiment was white as snow, and the hair of his head like pure wool; his throne was fiery flames, its wheels were burning fire. A stream of fire issued and came forth from before him; a thousand thousands served him, and ten thousand times ten thousand stood before him; the court sat in judgment, and the Books were opened.
I looked then because of the sound of the great Words which the horn was speaking. And as I looked, the Beast was slain, and its body destroyed and given over to be burned with fire. As for the rest of the beasts, their dominion was taken away, but their lives were prolonged for a season and a time.
I saw in the Night Visions, with the clouds of heaven there came One like a Son of Man, and he came to the Ancient of Days and was presented before him. And to him was given Dominion and Glory and Kingdom, that all peoples, nations, and languages should serve him; his Dominion is an Everlasting dominion, which shall Not Pass Away, and his Kingdom one that Shall Not Be Destroyed.
The Nature of the Son of God also is revealed in Philippians 2 : "Have this mind among yourselves, which is yours in Christ Jesus, who, though He was in the Form of God, did Not Count Equality with God a thing to be grasped, but Emptied Himself, taking the Form of a Servant, being Born in the Likeness of Men. And being Found in Human Form He Humbled Himself and became Obedient unto Death, even death On a Cross.
Therefore God has highly exalted Him and Bestowed on Him the Name which is Above Every Name, that at the Name of Jesus every knee should bow, in heaven and on earth and under the earth, and every tongue confess that Jesus Christ is the Lord, to the glory of God the Father.
In Revelation 17 we have the nature and order of things: ...
Then one of the 7 angels who had the 7 bowls came and said to me, "Come, I will show you the Judgment of the Great Harlot who is Seated Upon Many Waters, with whom the kings of the earth have committed fornication, and with the wine of whose fornication the dwellers on earth have become drunk."
And he carried me away in the Spirit into a Wilderness, and I saw a woman sitting on a scarlet beast which was full of Blasphemous Names, and it had 7 heads and 10 horns. The woman was arrayed in purple and scarlet, and bedecked with gold and jewels and pearls, holding in her Hand a Golden Cup Full of Abominations and the Impurities of her Fornication; and on her Forehead was Written a Name of Mystery: "Babylon the Great, Mother of Harlots and of Earth's Abominations."
And I saw the Woman, Drunk with the Blood of the Saints and the Blood of the Martyrs of Jesus.
When I saw her I marveled greatly. But the angel said to me, "Why marvel? I will tell you the Mystery of the Woman, and of the Beast with 7 Heads and 10 Horns that carries her."
"The Beast that you saw was, and is not, and is to ascend from the bottomless pit and go to perdition; and the dwellers on earth whose Names have Not been Written in the Book of Life from the Foundation of the World, will marvel to behold the beast, because it was, and is not and is to come."
"This calls for a Mind with Wisdom:
The 7 Heads are 7 Mountains on which the Woman is Seated; they are also 7 kings, 5 of whom have fallen, one is, the other has not yet come, and when he comes he must remain only a little while.
As for the Beast that was, and is not, it is an 8th but it belongs to the 7, and it goes to perdition.
And the 10 Horns that you saw are 10 kings who have not yet received royal power, but they are to receive authority as kings for 1 hour, together with the Beast.
These are of One Mind and Give Over their Power and Authority to the Beast; they will make War on the Lamb, and the Lamb will conquer Them, for he is the Lord of Lords and King of Kings, and Those with Him are Called and Chosen and Faithful."
And he said to me, "The Waters that you saw, where the Harlot is Seated, are peoples and multitudes and nations and tongues. And the 10 Horns that you saw, they and the Beast will hate the Harlot; they will make her desolate and naked, and devour her flesh and Burn Her Up with Fire, for God has put it into their Hearts to Carry Out His Purpose by Being One Mind and Giving Over their Royal power to the Beast, until The Words of God shall be fulfilled.
And the Woman that you saw is the Great City which has Dominion Over the kings of the earth."
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