In historical time, the Ar-Ians lived in the country along the River Ar-Ios. There were large deserts surrounding the fertile River Valley.
After some time, new tribal coalitions came into being: in the West, the Medes; in the South, the Persians; in the East, the Bactrians, and in the center the Ar-Ians.
If there is a region that can be described as a place of opposites, it must be Bactr-Ia. Their culture, known as the Bactr-Ia / Marg-Iana is dated 2,200-1700 BC and associated with the arrival of the Indo-Iranians. Bactria (Northern Afghanistan), in Antiquity was famous for its fierce warriors and its ancient religion founded by Zarathustra. Situated between the Hindu Cush Mountain Range in the South and the River Ox-Us (Amud-Ar'Ya) in the North, it is an East-West zone that consists of extremely fertile alluvial plains, hot desert, and cold mountains.
The real ancient name for of the Ox-Us River was "W-Axs,"meaning "the Wild One."
The River's sources are on the Western slopes of the Pam-Ir Mountain Range, where the ancient Silk Road crossed into China. The Upper Ox-Us flows from East to West and separated Bactr-Ia (Northern Afghanistan) from S-Og-Dia (modern Uzbeki-Stan and parts of Tajiki-Stan), also called Trans-Ox-Iana. Beyond Bactr-Ia, the River turns to the North West.
The River divides 2 deserts, the Black Desert (Kara Kum) to the South West, and the Red Desert (Kizil Kum) to the North East. The waters never were used for irrigation, the River was something of an intrusion in a desert landscape. It never produced vegetation.
The Delta immediately south of lake Ar-Al was called Chor-Asmia, in Antiquity. The waters were heavily used to irrigate the land. The wild River Ox-Us empties in this lake (Ar-Al). It once had an extra branch that emptied into the Casp-Ian Sea. A very ancient kingdom named Chor-Asmia came into being in this area as early as the 13th BC.
According to the Avestan texts written in the 14th BC, it says that Zarath-us-tra was protected by king Hyst-Aspes of Chor-Asmia. It
The kingdom of Chor-Asmia became part of the Acha-Emenid empire before 522 BC. It is mentioned by king Dar-Ius I the Great (522-486 BC) in the Behistun Inscription implying that Darius received Chor-Asmia as one of his territories when he became king.
Then the kingdom of Chor-Asmia was ruled by the satrap of Parth-Ia, because Herodotus mentions the two together in a description of the taxes under Dar-Ius and in a catalogue of army units under king Xerxes.
By the time of Dar-Ius III Cod-Omann-Us (336-330 BC), Chor-Asmia became an independent kingdom. Its king concluded a Peace Treaty with Alexander the Great in the winter of 328 / 327 BC.
The Chor-Asmian kings stated to mint coins inspired by the coins of the Seleucid kings, whom after the death of Alexander dominated the Eastern Provinces.
After 240 BC, Bactr-Ia, which was ruled by people who claimed Greek descent, dominated the region, and absorbed the people that once belonged to the Cho-Asmian empire.
The name of Chor-Azin later appeared in the Scriptures among those reproached by Jesus pronouncing a coming "woe" for the Jacob's descendants living in the place who were witnesses of 'powerful works' that would have moved the fleshy inhabitants of Tyre and Sidon to repentance, and yet who failed to act on Jesus' message. After this, in the fall of 32 CE, when dispatching the 70 disciples during his later ministry, Jesus inserted a reference to Chor-Azin's impenitent attitude into his discussion to emphasize that great "woe" that would be experienced by the unresponsive cities against which his disciples were to "wipe the dust" off their feet. (Luke 10).
The contrast between the country's fertility and desolation was noted in Antiquity by the Roman author Quintus Curtius Rufus.
The Hindu Cush, marks the fault line of the Ir-Anian and Eur-Asian tectonic plates, from East to West, and the small rivers going down from its slopes to the North, deposit sediments on the foothills and the plain that runs parallel to the mountain range. The same symbolic picture is taken when the Scriptures mention the first-named son of Ham and father of 6 sons: Seba, Havilah, Sabtah, Raamah, Sabteca, and Nimrod. (Genesis 10, 1 Chronicles 1). Consequently, this very fertile area, where farmers produced wheat and barley in very ancient times is also the cradle from which cities were born.
Cush and his named descendants are included in the Scriptures among those from whom "the nations were spread about in the earth after the Flood." Also, the name of Cush is associated through his son Nimrod with Babel and the kingdom that Nimrod forged in post-Flood times.
The land of Cush referred to at Genesis 2 as the land originally encircled by the River Gihon, one of the four heads of the "River issuing out of Eden," is the place in which ancient inhabitants had their settlements before the Flood.
An ancient city of Kish was revealed by excavations done in lower Mesopotamia near Babylon, and said to be the city from which emperors of the 3rd millennium BC in Babylonia assumed the title of "king of the world."
The Sumerian King List, an ancient record, though highly legendary, contains the statement: After the Flood had swept over and when kingship was lowered from heaven, kinship was in Kish." Following the breakup at Babel because of the confusion of language, the main body of Cush's descendants migrated Southward. It is of note that, while the names of Cush's 6 sons appear to have been perpetuated by tribes descended from them. This is not the case with the name Nimrod, that the name is mentioned solely as that of an individual or a title, indicating that Nimrod remained without progeny.
If the Gihon had a common source with the Euphrates and the Tigris Rivers, then, after the universal Flood, it is assumed that everything was brought to an extreme spiritual and physical radical changes.
The name of Cush is also used in the Scriptures to parallel "the land of Midian" at Habakkuk 3, and with reference to Moses' Midianite wife Zipporah. She is called a "Cushite," in Exodus 9 and Numbers 12.
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